Oral cancer: What research says about the biggest causes and how to stay safe

Oral cancer, often called mouth cancer, is one of those conditions that can quietly develop before showing serious signs. It can affect the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, and even the roof or floor of the mouth. In some cases, it extends further back to the throat and tonsils. While anyone can be affected, it is more common in older adults, and many of its causes are linked to lifestyle choices.

According to Cancer Research UK, tobacco and alcohol remain the two leading causes of oral cancer, but there are other important factors to be aware of too. Understanding these risks is the first step to prevention.

Tobacco: The biggest culprit

Tobacco in all its forms, cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco, remains the single largest cause of oral cancer. Cancer Research UK notes that tobacco smoke contains over 70 cancer-causing chemicals that damage DNA inside cells. This damage can trigger mutations, paving the way for cancer.

Smokers are up to six times more likely to develop oral cancer than non-smokers, while chewing tobacco, commonly used in parts of Asia, is closely linked with cancers of the gums, cheeks, and lips.

Alcohol: Adding fuel to the fire

Drinking heavily and often also raises the risk. Alcohol irritates the lining of the mouth, making it more vulnerable to carcinogens like those found in tobacco. When alcohol and tobacco are used together, the risk multiplies dramatically.

HPV infection: An emerging threat

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV type 16, is now seen as a growing cause of cancers in the throat, base of the tongue, and tonsils. Unlike traditional cases linked to tobacco or alcohol, these cancers are appearing more in younger adults. The good news is HPV-related oral cancers often respond better to treatment, but awareness and vaccination remain key.

Betel nut and betel quid: A cultural risk

Chewing betel nut, or betel quid often mixed with lime and tobacco, is a common practice in South Asian and Pacific regions. The World Health Organization has classified it as a Group 1 carcinogen. It doesn’t just heighten the risk of oral cancer; it can also cause oral submucous fibrosis, a painful condition that restricts mouth movement.

Sun exposure: More than just a skin concern

Spending long hours in the sun without protection can increase the risk of lip cancer, particularly on the lower lip. Outdoor workers such as farmers or construction workers are more vulnerable. Preventive steps include using an SPF lip balm and wearing a wide-brimmed hat.

Diet and oral hygiene: Everyday defences

A poor diet lacking in fruits and vegetables may leave the body short of protective antioxidants and vitamins like A, C, and E. These nutrients normally help repair DNA damage and neutralise harmful free radicals. A diet rich in fresh, plant-based foods can play a big role in prevention.

At the same time, poor oral hygiene or constant irritation from ill-fitting dentures and sharp teeth can also increase risk. Chronic trauma and inflammation in the mouth make tissues more prone to cancerous changes.

Other factors: Age, gender, and genetics

• Age: Most cases are diagnosed in people over 50.
• Gender: Men are more likely than women to develop oral cancer.
• Genetics: A family history of oral or head and neck cancers may add to the risk.

People with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or living with HIV, also need to be extra cautious.

Oral cancer may be serious, but many of its causes are preventable. As Cancer Research UK highlights, cutting down on tobacco and alcohol, eating a healthier diet, protecting yourself from HPV, and looking after your mouth can all make a real difference.

Raising awareness of these causes doesn’t just reduce risk, it saves lives. By making informed choices today, you’re protecting your health for tomorrow.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your doctor with any questions about a medical condition.